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by Alexander Krings
The
North Carolina State University Herbarium (NCSC) was founded in
1898 and now comprises over 130,000 specimens, making it the 3rd
largest collection in North Carolina and 2nd oldest of
collections over 100,000 specimens. Throughout its history,
the herbarium has been used to provide extension services to the
citizens of North Carolina, to conduct plant taxonomic research,
and to train the next generation of researchers. The brief
history given here is an adaptation of the work published in the
Journal of Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 117 (4): 224-239
(with permission from the NC
Academy of Science).
The
collection and key, early figures
Before
the turn of the 19th century, two institutional herbaria existed
in Raleigh. The
oldest was initiated by the first State Botanist, Gerald
McCarthy (Ehrenfeld et al., 1998; Troyer, 1999),
and housed at the Agricultural Experiment Station.
McCarthy (1888) described an herbarium of about 2,500
species. The fate of
this collection has not been properly documented and remains
unclear. So far, only
a few specimens collected by McCarthy have been found at NCSC.
As
a result of political events and the integration of the
Agricultural Experiment Station and the botanical and
horticultural programs of the North Carolina College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (NC A&M) (see Troyer, 1999),
McCarthy was replaced by Charles Walter Hyams, who served as
Assistant Botanist under Wilbur
Fisk Massey (Troyer, 2000).
Working toward the compilation of a North Carolina flora
(the most recent since Curtis, 1867), Hyams and Massey began
amassing specimens through collection and exchange (Massey, 1899,
1900). Although
referred to in several reports from 1898 onward, Massey clearly
states in a 1900 report that “our herbarium was begun two years
ago” (Massey, 1900). A
list of 865 species for exchange was published by Hyams in
December 1898 (Hyams, 1898) and a flora in 1899 (Hyams,
1899). The NC A&M
collection is believed to have reached at least 3,485 specimens in
size by 1900 (True and Clark, 1900), many of which survived and
form the core of the present NCSC collection.
Sheets from this collection are readily recognized by the
“Herbarium of North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts” stamp
and labels. Apparently,
no accession numbers were used.
Among collections of 100,000 specimens or more, NCSC is
thus the second oldest in North Carolina.
Although published as founded in 1903 (Holmgren et al.,
1990), minutes of the University of North Carolina Board of
Trustees (Holmes, 1888) reveal that a herbarium collection has
been at the University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill (NCU)
since at least 1888. The
herbarium of Duke University (DUKE)
was founded in 1932 (Holmgren et al., 1990).
Founded in 1820, the ca. 1,000 specimen Salem College
collection (SC) remains the oldest herbarium in North Carolina
(Mowbray, unpubl.).
The
early NC A&M herbarium collections appear to have been
primarily organized by Hyams (Massey, 1900) and were stored in Primrose
Hall. The
first agricultural building of the University, Primrose Hall was
completed in 1896 and occupied entirely by Massey and his
botanical and horticultural programs (Troyer, pers. comm.).
The herbarium and agricultural programs moved into the
newly constructed Patterson
Hall (“Agricultural Hall”) in 1905 and resided
there until the start of World War II.
Although somewhat of a gray area, the present-day
Department of Botany can trace its roots to this period.
Prior to B.W. Wells’ arrival in 1919, Frederick Adolphus
Wolf, a plant pathologist, had been the sole faculty in this area.
As Wolf stepped down from teaching to return to research,
Wells accepted the position of Professor and first official Head
of the now two facultied “Department of Botany and Plant
Pathology.” This
Department moved to temporary quarters on the top floor of Winston
Hall in 1940.
Winston Hall became the building in which Fox initially
met, organized, and eventually expanded the collections.
Although only a completed catalogue can provide more
precise figures, it appears that on his arrival, Fox probably met
a collection of 5,000-6,000 specimens, comprised of the early NC
A&M specimens and subsequent departmental collections from
Wells, Shunk, Buell, and others.
Supporting evidence comes from low accession numbers, on
both early departmental and early NC A&M collections, which
follow a systematic arrangement from lower vascular plants to
gymnosperms, to monocots, then dicots.
Accession numbers increase steadily up to about the 6,000
range through the taxonomic arrangement, suggesting specimen
existence in one set prior to being systematically stamped with
accession numbers.
The
herbarium ultimately moved to its present location in the newly
built Gardner
Hall in the fall of 1952.
Tragically, Fox died shortly thereafter, in November of
that year.
The
abbreviation NCSC became associated with the herbarium in the
second edition of Index
Herbariorum (1954) and was based on the name of
the institution at that time: North Carolina State College.
Unfortunately, because of a typographical error in the
fifth edition of Index Herbariorum (1964), NCSC was cited
in the literature as NSC for 10 yrs until corrected in the sixth
edition (1974; Hardin, 1983).
Curators
William
Basil Fox
(b.1915- d.1952): Served 1947-1952
William
Basil Fox, born in Talcott, West Virginia, received his doctorate
from the University of Iowa in 1942 and subsequently served as a
technical radar instructor for the U.S. War Department from
1942-1945. Following
a one year stint as Assistant Agronomist at the Experiment Station
of the State College of Washington, Fox joined the North Carolina
State University (then N.C. State College) Department of Botany as
Assistant professor in 1946 and became the first curator of NCSC
in 1947. Departmental
faculty, such as B.W. Wells, I.V. Shunk, and M.F. Buell, had
maintained collections prior to his arrival, for teaching purposes
or associated with various ecological research (Whitford,
unpubl.). It was Fox
who first took to systematically arranging the collection and
keeping accession records. Although
it remains unclear how many specimens Fox collected, preliminary
data resulting from recent cataloguing efforts show Fox to have
collected about 15 % (n = 482) of the 3326 specimens captured.
Praised by contemporaries for his teaching and
investigation skills (Whitford, unpubl.; Lynch, 1952), Fox’s
tenure at NCSC was prematurely cut short in November 1952 by his
accidental death at the hands of his not quite five year old son.
The tragedy occurred early one morning after Fox had turned
over to return to sleep after playing with his son.
The child took the .22 caliber rifle, which Fox sometimes
used to shoot twigs off trees for collecting, out of the closet
and, not realizing it was loaded, shot him in the back of the
head. Fox was 37 at
the time. He was laid
to rest in New Hope Cemetery, Talcott, West Virginia.
Robert
Lynch Wilbur
(b. 1925- ):
Served 1953-1957
Following
Fox’s death, Robert Lynch Wilbur became the second curator of
NCSC. Wilbur was born
in Annapolis, Maryland in 1925 and educated at Duke University and
the University of Michigan. Receiving
his doctorate from the latter in 1952, Wilbur briefly served as
Assistant Professor at the University of Georgia (1952-1953),
before accepting appointment as Assistant Professor and Curator in
the Department of Botany at North Carolina State College.
Wilbur contributed significantly to the collections,
particularly to the holdings of Fabaceae.
Significant publications resulting from work at NCSC
include the description of novelties in the southeastern flora
(e.g., Wilbur, 1955), as well as the completion of a work on North
Carolina legumes initiated by W.B. Fox (Wilbur, 1963).
Wilbur accepted a curatorial appointment at Duke University
in 1957, where he continues to serve as Professor of Biology.
James
Walker Hardin
(b. 1929- ): Served 1957-1996
The
most significant period of NCSC’s growth and contribution to the
floristic knowledge of North Carolina, aside from the early years
of Fox, occurred during the tenure of James Walker Hardin.
Born in 1929 in Charlotte, North Carolina, Hardin received
his doctorate in 1957 from the University of Michigan and
subsequently accepted appointment as Assistant Professor and
Curator at North Carolina State College.
A respected educator and researcher, Hardin published
broadly on southeastern plants, with interests ranging from
poisonous plants to the taxonomy of trees, shrubs, and herbs, to
the micro-morphology of foliar surfaces (e.g., Hardin, 1961a,
1961b; Hardin and Cooper, 1967; Hardin and Arena, 1969; Hardin,
1971; Hardin, 1975; Hardin and Phillips, 1985; Hardin, 1990;
Hardin, 1992). Hardin
also oversaw the floristic exploration of many under-collected
regions and parks of North Carolina, undertaken through thesis
projects by his many graduate students.
Numerous exchanges continued or were initiated during his
tenure involving at least 30 institutions from the United States
and abroad. Several
private and state collections were also transferred to NCSC at
this time (see “Preliminary annotated list of significant
collectors and collections” below).
Leigh
Johnson (b.
1966- ): Served 1997-1999
Leigh
Johnson joined the NC State University botany department in 1997,
subsequent to obtaining a doctorate from Washington State
University in 1996. Interested
in using molecular data to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships
and to identify patterns of diversification, Johnson primarily
concentrated on taxa of the Polemoniaceae as models for his
questions. During
Johnson’s brief tenure at NCSC, the collections grew primarily
through continued exchanges, as well as collections by his
doctoral student Jennifer Floyd, who had previously been actively
engaged in North Carolina collection efforts while a master’s
student of J.W. Hardin (Floyd, 1996).
Significant investments were made in updating technologies
through the addition of a -20°
C freezer, computer equipment, a loan management database, and
webpage development. Johnson
left the botany department in 1999 to accept appointment as
Assistant Professor of Botany at Brigham Young University.
Period
1999-present
Following
the departure of Leigh Johnson, the future of the herbarium
appeared somewhat uncertain.
Without a curator, the two most basic herbarium functions,
extension plant identification and loan management, were assumed
on an interim basis by Jon Stucky (Department of Botany) and Paul
Fantz (Department of Horticultural Science), respectively.
Local botanist, Ed Swab, was hired to also perform
extension plant identifications for a period of time.
The tenuous future of the herbarium was ultimately steadied
by a decision to create a new, non-tenure track curator position,
separate from the tenure-track, plant systematics professorship,
which had in the past included curatorial responsibilities.
The newly-created position of Curator and Plant Taxonomist
was filled in late July 2000 with the appointment of the author.
Preliminary
annotated list of significant collectors and collections of NCSC
1.
Moses Ashley Curtis (b. 1808-d. 1872): Curtis collected numerous
vascular plant and fungi specimens and ultimately published a
flora of North Carolina (Curtis, 1867).
NCSC holdings of Curtis material date to the 1830’s and
40’s. Correspondence,
both personal and professional (with other botanists such as Henry
William Ravenel, Asa Gray, and Miles Joseph Berkeley), as well as
some botanical notes, are housed in the Southern Historical
Collection of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
2.
James Mooney (b. 1861-d. 1921): Mooney, an ethnologist with the
Bureau of American Ethnology, was primarily interested in the
anthropology of coastal Atlantic tribes, such as the Kiowa and
Cheyenne, in addition to the Cherokee.
Mooney collected nearly 500 plants associated with a study
of tribal medicine from the Qualla Cherokee reservation in 1888
(Powell, 1893). Duplicates
are deposited at NCSC.
3.
Charles Walter Hyams (b. 1863-d. 1941): Hyams began the first
herbarium of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts in 1898. Many
specimens from this herbarium survive (although the exact number
remains to be determined) and form part of the core collection W.
B. Fox originally met on his arrival at the College in 1946.
A brief biography of Hyams, as well as of his botanist
father Mordecai E. Hyams, appears in Powell (1988).
4.
Carl Alwin Schenck (b. 1868-d. 1955):
Schenck, founder of the first forestry school in the United
States in Biltmore, North Carolina, trained the first generation
of American foresters (Schenck, 1974).
The NCSU library contains a collection of Schenck’s
library and correspondence. A
set of 384 tree and shrub specimens collected from European
arboreta around the turn of the century was accessioned by NCSC
under J.W. Hardin.
5.
Bertram
Whittier Wells (b. 1884-d. 1978):
A noted ecologist (Troyer 1986), Wells joined NC State
College in 1919 as Professor and Head of the Department of Botany
and Plant Pathology and remained there for the duration of his
career. A keen
observer of environment, Wells’ collection is important
historically as the basis for numerous ecological contributions
(e.g., Wells, 1920, 1921, 1931, 1939; Wells and Shunk, 1931; Wells
and Boyce, 1954). The
NC State University library houses his research correspondence, a
reprint of his “Carolina Bays: Additional Data on Their Origin,
Age and History” (co-authored with Boyce), as well as a
type-written list of his paintings given to friends.
A complete set of his plant collections from 1919 onward is
believed to reside at NCSC. Collections
of his graduate student Stephen G. Boyce, noted for his monograph
on the coastal salt spray communities (Boyce, 1954), also reside
at NCSC.
6.
Biltmore Herbarium: North Carolina collections from the turn of
the 19th to 20th century.
NCSC hosts numerous herbarium sheets, although an exact
number has not yet been determined.
With accession numbers in the 20,000 and above range, the
material was likely obtained under the administration of Fox.
7.
Larry Alston Whitford (b. 1902-d. 1995): Whitford, a phycologist,
also collected numerous vascular plants (many on trips with W.B.
Fox). Troyer (1995)
provided biographical information, as well as a list of
Whitford’s research publications (e.g., Whitford and Schumacher,
1973). A complete set
of his collections is thought to reside at NCSC.
8.
Murray Fife Buell (b. 1905-d. 1975): Buell was a member of
the botany department of NC State College from 1938-1946, before
accepting a post at Rutgers University.
Designated to teach plant physiology at NC State, Buell
apparently first asked for an herbarium cabinet!
A complete set of his collections during his tenure at the
NC State is thought to reside at NCSC.
9.
Robert Kenneth Godfrey (b. 1911-d. 2000): An Assistant Professor
of Botany at NC State University from 1947-1954, Godfrey showed a
particular interest in composites and aquatic plants, although
often collecting widely both geographically and taxonomically with
W.B. Fox. Extrapolated
preliminary cataloguing efforts suggest that Godfrey is either
principal collector or part of the collection team for about 13 %
of NCSC’s holdings. A
complete set of his collections toward his work The Compositae
of Wake County, North Carolina, in time and space (Godfrey,
1938) is thought to reside at NCSC.
10.
William Basil
Fox (b. 1915-d. 1952): Fox, the first curator of
NCSC, collected widely in North Carolina, both geographically and
taxonomically. Extrapolated
preliminary cataloguing efforts suggest that Fox is either the
principal collector or part of the collection team for about 15 %
of NCSC’s holdings. Fox’s
collections date from 1947-1952.
A complete set resides at NCSC.
11.
Robert Lynch
Wilbur (b. 1925- ):
During his four year tenure at NC State, Wilbur collected
broadly across taxonomic groups, but amassed a particular
collection of legumes. Significant
publications resulting from work at NCSC include the description
of novelties in the southeastern flora (e.g., Wilbur, 1955), as
well as the completion of a work on North Carolina legumes
initiated by W.B. Fox (Wilbur, 1963).
A complete set of his collections from the years 1953-1957
is believed to reside at NCSC.
12.
Ernest Oscar Beal (b. 1928-d. 1980):
Beal joined the botany department of NC State College in
1954. Interested
primarily in aquatic and wetland vegetation, Beal was a prolific
collector of these groups. Of
particular note is his careful measurement of habitat
environmental parameters, such as pH, Cl ppm, C s(20),
and O.M. (%), which appear on every label and ultimately are
compiled in his illustrated Manual of Marsh and Aquatic
Vascular Plants of North Carolina With Habitat Data (Beal,
1977). Taxonomically,
Beal was primarily interested in Nuphar and Sagittaria (e.g.,
DePoe and Beal, 1969; Beal and Southall 1977; Beal et al., 1982),
although he also published novelties in other groups (Beal, 1971).
A complete set of Beal’s collections, both toward the
aforementioned manual and the systematics of Nuphar (at
least those collected during his residency at NCSU), are believed
to reside at NCSC.
13.
James Walker
Hardin (b. 1929- ): Interested in many groups
taxonomically (e.g., Hardin, 1961b, 1971, 1975, 1990, 1992; Hardin
and Phillips, 1985), Hardin collected broadly, but amassed a
particularly strong dendrological collection and numerous county
novelties (e.g., Racine and Hardin, 1975).
About 3200 specimens are thought to reside at NCSC (Hardin,
pers. comm.).
14.
Arthur Cooper (b. 1931- ): Although Professor Emeritus of Forestry
(NC State University), Cooper served as a member of the Department
of Botany from 1958-1971. During
this time, he collected broadly taxonomically and geographically
in North Carolina compiling a collection of 2957 specimens
(Cooper, pers. comm.).
15.
Robert Marshall Downs (b. 1935-): Former botanist for the North
Carolina Museum of Science. Downs
and associates collected widely geographically and taxonomically
in North Carolina The
entire herbarium, comprising 4136 sheets collected over the years
1970-1973, was transferred to NCSC on the elimination of the
botanist position at the museum.
A complete museum accession record resides at NCSC.
16.
Edward Croom, Jr. (b. 1948-): A graduate student of J.W. Hardin,
Croom conducted the only known ethnobotanical/medicinal study of
the Lumbee Indians in North Carolina (Croom, 1982).
A complete set of his collections, resides at NCSC and
serves as an important ethnobotanical voucher.
17.
Various collections resulting from the compilation of various
local florulas (alphabetical by author): Blair, 1967 (Beaufort
Co.); Bradshaw, 1987 (Lost Cove, Avery Co.); Bruton, 1968 (Cliffs
of the Neuse State Park, Wayne Co.); Corda, 1982 (Goosecreek State
Park, Beaufort Co.); Dumond, 1969 (Chattooga River Gorge, Macon
and Jackson counties); Edens, 1973 (Cranberry Glades, West
Virginia); Floyd, 1996 (Medoc Mountain State Park, Halifax Co.);
Hartshorn, 1968 (southern Beaufort Co.); Ingle, 1993 (Granite
outcrops eastern North Carolina, Anson, Harnett, Granville, Vance,
Northampton, Franklin, and Wake counties); Jones, 1971 (Yates Mill
Pond, Wake Co.); Jones, 1973 (Raven Rock State Park, Harnett Co.);
Kologiski, 1977 (phytosociology of the Green Swamp, Brunswick
Co.); Pultorak, 1969 (northern Wake Co.); Russell, 1995 (Urban
trees and maritime forest); Skean, 1982 (Durant Nature Park, Wake
Co.); Smith, 1977 (South Mountain State Park, Burke Co.); Swab,
1990 (White Pines Natural Area, Chatham Co.); Taggart, 1973 (Stone
Mountain State Park, Wilkes and Alleghany counties).
18.
Type
specimens.
Acknowledgments:
I thank: James Troyer, Professor Emeritus (Department of Botany,
NC State University), for providing leads and insight on numerous
historical matters; James Hardin, Professor and Curator Emeritus
(Department of Botany, NC State University), for insightful
discussion regarding the herbarium and accession history; an
anonymous reviewer for a very thoughtful review of the manuscript.
I am also grateful for the assistance of the ILL department
of the NCSU Libraries and the following folks, who contributed
various historical or biographical information: Joyce Bruffey,
Arthur Cooper, Lewis Deitz, Robert Downs, Leigh Johnson, and Mary
Poulson.
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